Everything about Humble Petition And Advice totally explained
The Humble Petition and Advice was the second, and last, codified
constitution of
England. It came about largely as a result of the rise of the New Cromwellians. They in themselves were an expression of strong latent support for monarchy and the English traditional constitutional limits on its power, a desire to lose the military overtones of the earlier
Protectorate and the increasingly small level of control Cromwell was able to exert due to ill health and frustration with a lack of revolutionary ideology amongst his subjects. The Humble Petition and Advice wanted to offer hereditary
monarchy to
Oliver Cromwell, assert
Parliament's control over issuing new
taxation, provide an independent council to advise the king and safeguard 'Triennial' meetings (every three years) of Parliament among other things. These had the effect of limiting, not increasing, Cromwell’s power. Cromwell refused the
Crown, however, on the
8 May 1657. This may have been because he feared disaffection in the
Army, was distressed by allegations of dynastic/personal ambition, didn't genuinely accept that a monarchy was necessary in England, or because he feared re-instating the monarchy on the basis that he believed it had been judged by God in the period following the
English Civil War.
Cromwell instead accepted a modified Humble Petition and Advice, which remained in force as Britain's constitution throughout the remainder of the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell and during the brief jurisdiction of his successor
Richard Cromwell. Under the new constitution, Cromwell was to remain
Lord Protector for life and could now choose his own successor. He was required to call triennial Parliaments, which were to consist of two chambers: the elected House of Commons and a second chamber, or
Upper House (referred to only as the "other house"), of between forty and seventy persons nominated by the Protector but approved by Parliament, with the right to veto any legislation passed in the Lower House. The
Council of State was to become the Protector's
privy council, consisting of 21 members chosen by the Protector and approved by Parliament.
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